Transoceanic Cables

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Communication over long distances is achieved by the transmission of data as

waves or streams of pulses. An electric current alternating (switching direction )

at radio wave frequency is modulated (shaped) by an analogy or digital data signal.

The modulated wave is sent through coaxial cables, or broadcast via ground-stations

and satellites as radio waves. Digital information may also be sent as streams of

light pulses (or, less commonly, of electric pulses), a pulse representing as "1" ,

and the absence of a pulse representing a "0". Cables act as highways for these

data streams, and must be designed to minimize interference between different

data streams, which leads to loss of data. The bandwidth of a cable is a measure

of the amount of data that can transmit. Optical fibers have a greater bandwidth

than coaxial cables, and can transmit signals farther and faster since light is less

prone to attenuation (power loss) than electric currents, and propagates faster.

The bandwidth of a cable system can be increased by installing more cables, but

also by employing multiplexing techniques, which squeeze more data down each

cable.

Hardwares